Analytic wave series solution of out-of-plane(SH) waves diffraction by an almost semi-circular shallow cylindrical hill          下载免费PDF全文

Chunyang Ji  Vincent Lee 《地震科学（英文版）》2018,31(3):154-165

A closed-form wave equation analytic solution of two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of outof-plane(SH) waves by an almost semi-circular shallow cylindrical hill on a flat, elastic and homogeneous half space is proposed by applying the discrete Fourier series expansions of sine and cosine functions. The semi-circular hill problem is discussed as a special case for the new formulated equation.Compared with the previous semi-circular cases solutions, the present method can give surface displacement amplitudes which agrees well with previous results. Although the proposed equation can only solve the problem of SH-waves diffracted by almost semi-circular shallow hills, the stress and displacement residual amplitudes are numerical insignificantly everywhere. Moreover, the influences of the depth-towidth ratio(a parameter defined in this paper to evaluate the shallowness of the topography of hills) on ground motions are presented and summarized. The limitations and errors of truncation from Graf's addition theorem and Fourier series equations in the present paper are also discussed.  相似文献   

华南陆缘高热流区的壳幔温度结构与动力学背景          下载免费PDF全文

张健  王蓓羽  唐显春  董淼  艾依飞 《地球物理学报》2018,61(10):3917-3932

华南陆缘是我国重要的矿产、地热资源区.晚中生代以来，在太平洋板块西向俯冲，地幔热对流活动共同作用下，该区出现多期岩浆-热事件和大规模爆发式成矿作用.在前人研究基础上，本文利用地表热流观测资料、地震剪切波资料、重力位球谐系数，计算了壳-幔温度结构，分析了动力学背景.计算结果表明：华南陆缘东南沿海地带，地壳10 km以浅温度达200℃以上，居里点温度475℃，莫霍面平均温度550℃.地壳浅层较热，花岗岩中放射性元素衰变放热是地壳浅层地下水热活动的重要热源，但地壳总体温度不高，为"冷壳热幔"型热结构.地幔中，90 km深度，温度950~1250℃；120 km深度，温度1050~1400℃；150 km深度，温度1200~1450℃；220 km深度，温度1500~1700℃."热"岩石圈底界深度在110~150 km之间，西深东浅.岩石圈内，地幔应力场为挤压-伸展相间格局；岩石圈之下，地幔应力场为一个以南昌为中心、长轴NE-SW向的椭圆.分析认为，晚中生代以来，太平洋板块的西向俯冲，导致华南陆缘在区域性SE向地幔对流背景上叠加局域性不稳定热扰动，在175~85Ma期间，上地幔物质向上流动，形成不同的岩浆活动高峰期.同时，岩石圈地幔受俯冲洋壳流体的影响，含水量高，黏度小，在地幔流切向应力场作用下，岩石圈底界由西向东"波浪"状减薄.现今岩石圈之下仍具备地幔小尺度热对流温度条件，但除地表浅层外，地壳整体温度不高，岩石圈构造稳定.  相似文献   

Wolf‐triggered trophic cascades and stream channel dynamics in Olympic National Park: a comment on East et al. (2017)          下载免费PDF全文

Robert L. Beschta  William J. Ripple 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(4):930-935

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A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting          下载免费PDF全文

Kevin D. Bladon  Catalina Segura  Nicholas A. Cook  Sharon Bywater‐Reyes  Maryanne Reiter 《水文研究》2018,32(2):293-304

Stream temperature is a key physical water‐quality parameter, controlling many biological, chemical, and physical processes in aquatic ecosystems. Maintenance of cool stream temperatures during summer is critical for high‐quality aquatic habitat. As such, transmission of warm water from small, nonfish‐bearing headwater streams after forest harvesting could cause warming in downstream fish‐bearing stream reaches with negative consequences. In this study, we evaluate (a) the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature in small, headwater streams, (b) the transmission of thermal signals from headwater reaches after harvesting to downstream fish‐bearing reaches, and (c) the relative role of lithology and forest management practices in influencing differential thermal responses in both the headwater and downstream reaches. We measured summer stream temperatures both preharvest and postharvest at 29 sites—12 upstream sites (4 reference, 8 harvested) and 17 downstream sites (5 reference, 12 harvested)—across 3 paired watershed studies in western Oregon. The 7‐day moving average of daily maximum stream temperature (T_7DAYMAX) was greater during the postharvest period relative to the preharvest period at 7 of the 8 harvested upstream sites. Although the T_7DAYMAX was generally warmer in the downstream direction at most of the stream reaches during both the preharvest and postharvest period, there was no evidence for additional downstream warming related to the harvesting activity. Rather, the T_7DAYMAX cooled rapidly as stream water flowed into forested reaches ~370–1,420 m downstream of harvested areas. Finally, the magnitude of effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature increased with the proportion of catchment underlain by more resistant lithology at both the headwater and downstream sites, reducing the potential for the cooling influence of groundwater.  相似文献   

Assessment of alternative adsorption models and global sensitivity analysis to characterize hexavalent chromium loss from soil to surface runoff          下载免费PDF全文

Chuan‐An Xia  Juxiu Tong  Bill X. Hu  Xiujie Wu  Alberto Guadagnini 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3140-3157

We investigate our ability to assess transfer of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from the soil to surface runoff by considering the effect of coupling diverse adsorption models with a two‐layer solute transfer model. Our analyses are grounded on a set of two experiments associated with soils characterized by diverse particle size distributions. Our study is motivated by the observation that Cr(VI) is receiving much attention for the assessment of environmental risks due to its high solubility, mobility, and toxicological significance. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is considered to be at equilibrium in the mixing layer under our experimental conditions. Four adsorption models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear models, constitute our set of alternative (competing) mathematical formulations. Experimental results reveal that the soil samples characterized by the finest grain sizes are associated with the highest release of Cr(VI) to runoff. We compare the relative abilities of the four models to interpret experimental results through maximum likelihood model calibration and four model identification criteria (i.e., the Akaike information criteria [AIC and AIC_C] and the Bayesian and Kashyap information criteria). Our study results enable us to rank the tested models on the basis of a set of posterior weights assigned to each of them. A classical variance‐based global sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the relative importance of the uncertain parameters associated with each of the models considered, within subregions of the parameter space. In this context, the modelling strategy resulting from coupling the Langmuir isotherm with a two‐layer solute transfer model is then evaluated as the most skilful for the overall interpretation of both sets of experiments. Our results document that (a) the depth of the mixing layer is the most influential factor for all models tested, with the exception of the Freundlich isotherm, and (b) the total sensitivity of the adsorption parameters varies in time, with a trend to increase as time progresses for all of the models. These results suggest that adsorption has a significant effect on the uncertainty associated with the release of Cr(VI) from the soil to the surface runoff component.  相似文献   

1966—2018年河西走廊春季寒潮频次及影响因子分析          下载免费PDF全文

吕青松  辛存林  王瑞  张勃  张华 《干旱区地理》2020,43(4):946-954

基于甘肃河西走廊15个国家基准基本站点提供的1966年1月1日~2018年12月31日春季（3~5月）逐日最低气温值数据,利用线性回归分析方法、Spline空间插值法和Mann-Kendall趋势和突变检验法,探讨了河西走廊地区1966—2018年春季（3~5月）寒潮频次变化及其影响因子。研究表明：（1） 1966—2018年河西走廊地区春季（3~5月）单站寒潮频次总体呈现下降趋势〔–0.098次·（10 a）^–1〕,其中1980—2010年寒潮频次呈显著下降趋势,2010年之后下降趋势变缓,未通过显著性检验;区域寒潮53 a来频次总体呈缓慢下降趋势〔–0.015次·（10 a）^–1〕。（2） 近53 a河西走廊地区春季三个月中,单站寒潮总量4月>3月>5月,其中4月、5月寒潮频次下降不明显,3月频次下降显著。（3） 空间上,大致以北大河和黑河干流为界,两河中间区域春季寒潮频次低,而北大河以北和黑河干流以东区域则是寒潮高值区,走廊外围地区寒潮频次较高,且大多呈显著下降趋势,寒潮频次与气温距平存在明显负相关关系,内部地区变化趋势不明显。（4） 河西地区春季寒潮频次受气候变暖、地形和大气环流的影响,寒潮频次变化趋势存在地区差异。研究可提高对甘肃河西走廊寒潮演化过程的认知,为河西走廊气候变化的进一步研究奠定基础。  相似文献   

近59 a锡林河流域潜在蒸散发及地表干湿状况变化趋势分析          下载免费PDF全文

张璐  朱仲元  张圣微  王慧敏  王飞  席小康 《干旱区地理》2020,43(4):997-1003

利用1960—2018年锡林河流域周边13个气象站的逐日气象资料,采用世界粮农组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算各气象站多年潜在蒸散发量及相对湿润度指数。通过利用主成分分析、相关分析和偏相关分析,探讨了锡林河流域潜在蒸散发、地表干湿状况多年变化规律;分析了影响潜在蒸散发的主要气象因子及各气象要素间的相互作用;着重讨论了锡林河流域潜在蒸散发的周期变化及其与相对湿润度指数、各气象要素的相互作用。结果表明：流域近59 a潜在蒸散发整体呈现增长趋势,且上升趋势显著,存在显著增加—减小交替的多尺度时频变化特征和多主周期变化规律;各气象要素中潜在蒸散发对温度的响应较大,平均风速次之;平均相对湿度受到潜在蒸散发的影响较大,降水次之。整个流域环境有不显著的变湿润趋势。  相似文献   

生物土壤结皮对风沙土和黄绵土膨胀特性的影响     

王国鹏  肖波  李胜龙  姚小萌  孙福海 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):97-104

作为重要的土壤物理性质，膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素，针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤，利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异，分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%，较无结皮增加了8.65倍；而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%，与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05），在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间，影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）；干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤，其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%，而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%；冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低，降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大，50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性，其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时，BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。  相似文献   

贵州夜郎湖表层水体地球化学昼夜变化及其影响因素     

王家录  任娟  王勇  李维杰  娄昭  陈佳 《热带地理》2020,40(2):335-345

为探究岩溶水库水文地球化学行为过程,对贵州普定夜郎湖表层水体进行了为期3 d的高分辨率昼夜监测。结果表明：1）多变的天气和水文条件叠加导致水体离子指标昼夜变化不显著,规律性较差。而水温、DO、pH值、SpC、SIc、pCO₂等常规理化指标受水温变化和生物作用表现出明显的昼夜波动。2）利用亨利常数和主成分分析,得到温度变化、生物作用、人类活动、水库的蓄水与放水对夜郎湖水库水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率分别为21.66%、17.28%、14.08%和10.22%,说明作用于水库水文地球化学行为的因子具有多元性。3）δ ¹⁸O表现出与DO一致的波动趋势,即白天上升,晚上下降,反映在短时间尺度上,氢氧稳定同位素变化受控于生物过程（主要是呼吸作用过程）;而对比水库水体和大气降水的d-excess（d值）发现,水库水体的d值（8.21‰）显著偏低于当地大气降水的d值（9.64‰）,说明在长时间尺度上,主要受蒸发效应引起的不平衡分馏影响。  相似文献   

基于细分行业的安徽省创新型企业集聚研究     

白如山  胡森林  庄良  刘岩  刘恺恺  黄鹏娜 《世界地理研究》2020,29(6):1190-1201

创新型企业作为塑造创新地理格局的重要力量，其区位选择的外部特征及内在机理亟须予以系统化研究。基于对安徽省创新型企业的细分行业与空间建库，采用核密度估计和地理探测器等方法，对细分行业下的创新型企业空间集聚特征及影响因素进行研究。结果表明：（1）安徽省创新型企业类型以先进制造和自动化为主，并以生物与新医药、新材料、电子信息为辅；（2）创新型企业空间集聚的不均衡特征显著，呈现出“一核一带多节点”的集聚分布特征，且合肥、芜湖是两个重要集聚区；不同细分行业视角下创新型企业的空间分布形态各异，可归纳为点-轴式、极核式、双核式及多核分散式等4种空间组织形态。（3）创新型因子对于创新型企业的空间集聚最为重要，但传统型和政策型因子的重要性仍不容忽视。其中，产业基础、人力资本、创新投入是最核心的因素，但各行业创新型企业的影响因素作用力则表现出一定的异质性。  相似文献